Changes

[[File:Redsand.jpg|500px|thumb|Iron-enhanced sand filter media adjacent to a wet pond (Minnesota Stormwater Manual)<ref>Minnesota Stormwater Manual. https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Design_criteria_for_iron_enhanced_sand_filter</ref>.]]

[[File:Redsand.jpg|500px|thumb|Iron-enhanced sand filter media adjacent to a wet pond (Minnesota Stormwater Manual)<ref>Minnesota Stormwater Manual. https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Design_criteria_for_iron_enhanced_sand_filter</ref>.]]

===What is it?===

===What is it?===

Red sand, also known as a "Minnesota filter", is iron enhanced sand designed to capture soluble [[phosphorus]] that generally passes through a typical stormwater management facility. Iron has an affinity for dissolved phosphorus, which will serve to bind and therefore remove a portion of the dissolved phosphorus from the stormwater (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA>Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. Showcasing Water Innovation: Stormwater Performance Monitoring Report. 2013. https://lsrca.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Stormwater-Performance-Monitoring-opt.pdf. Accessed August 2025.</ref>. The sand also filters the stormwater by removing a portion of the suspended solids and total phosphorus that may be attached to those particles (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA/>.

Red sand, also known as a "Minnesota filter", is iron enhanced sand designed to capture soluble [[phosphorus]] that generally passes through a typical stormwater management facility. Iron has an affinity for dissolved phosphorus, which will serve to bind and therefore remove a portion of the dissolved phosphorus from the stormwater (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA>Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority. 2013. Showcasing Water Innovation: Stormwater Performance Monitoring Report. https://lsrca.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Stormwater-Performance-Monitoring-opt.pdf. Accessed August 2025.</ref>. The sand also filters the stormwater by removing a portion of the suspended solids and total phosphorus that may be attached to those particles (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA/>.

===How is it being used?===

===How is it being used?===

===Benefits===

===Benefits===

Early data from the George Richardson site indicate a reduction in [[Total suspended solids]] and phosphorus after going through the system.<ref name=CVC/> "Average TP concentrations into the filter were 0.12 mg/L with a maximum of 0.54 mg/L as compared to an average outlet concentration of 0.052 mg/L with a maximum of 0.13 mg/L. Average soluble phosphorus (orthophosphate) concentrations into the filter were 0.01mg/L with a maximum of 0.031 mg/L as compared with an average outlet concentration of 0.007 mg/L with a maximum of 0.044 mg/L." <ref name=LSRCA/> Poor orthophosphate removal was observed during hypoxic or anoxic conditions because the iron/phosphorus bond that facilitates the removal of orthophosphate can be broken under low oxygen conditions.<ref name=LSRCA/>

Early data from the George Richardson site indicate a reduction in total suspended solids and phosphorus after going through the system (CVC, 2013)<ref name=CVC/>. "Average TP concentrations into the filter were 0.12 mg/L with a maximum of 0.54 mg/L as compared to an average outlet concentration of 0.052 mg/L with a maximum of 0.13 mg/L. Average soluble phosphorus (orthophosphate) concentrations into the filter were 0.01mg/L with a maximum of 0.031 mg/L as compared with an average outlet concentration of 0.007 mg/L with a maximum of 0.044 mg/L" (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA/>. Poor orthophosphate removal was observed during hypoxic or anoxic conditions because the iron/phosphorus bond that facilitates the removal of orthophosphate can be broken under low oxygen conditions (LSRCA, 2013)<ref name=LSRCA/>.

</onlyinclude>

</onlyinclude>