Bioretention: Sizing and modeling
Before beginning the sizing calculations most of the following parameters must be known or estimated. The exceptions are the depth (d) and Permeable area (P), as only one of these is required to find the other. Note that some of these parameters are limited:
- The maximum total depth will be limited by construction practices i.e. not usually > 2 m.
- The maximum total depth may be limited by the conditions underground e.g. the groundwater or underlying geology/infrastructure.
- The minimum total depth may be limited by the need to support vegetation i.e. not < 0.6 m.
- Green roofs, absorbent landscapes and permeable paving often receive very little flow from other surfaces, so that the I/P ratio is close to 1.
- Infiltration trenches, chambers and bioretention cells have a maximum recommended I/P ratio of 20.
Determine the effective infiltration coefficient[edit]
Determine the I/P ratio:
Where:
- R = Ratio of catchment area (Ac) to BMP footprint area (Ap) syn. I/P ratio.
- Ap = Area of the infiltration practice in m2
- Ac = Catchment area in m2
Apply an appropriate safety correction factor to the measured infiltration rate:
Where:
- q' = Infiltration coefficient in mm/hr (accounting for SCF)
- SCF = Safety correction factor
Determine if there is a constraint to the depth (d) of the bioretention practice:
The following equations assume that infiltration occurs primarily through the base of the facility. They may be easily applied for any shape and size of infiltration facility, in which the reservoir storage is mostly in an aggregate.
To calculate the required depth, where the area of the facility is constrained:
To calculate the require facility area or footprint where the depth is constrained:
Where:
- D = Duration of design storm in hrs
- i = Intensity of design storm in mm/hr
- q' = Infiltration coefficient in mm/hr (accounting for SCF)
- SCF = Safety correction factor
- VR = Void ratio (porosity), as measured (or default to 0.35 for all aggregates)*
- R = Ratio of catchment area (Ac) to BMP footprint area (Ap) syn. I/P ratio.
- Ap = Area of the infiltration practice in m2
- Ac = Catchment area in m2
- d = Depth of infiltration practice in m.
*Note: For systems that have significant storage in clear open chambers, an effective porosity value (VR') may be estimated for the whole installation and used in the calculations below. Effective porosity will vary according to the geometry of the storage chambers, so advice should be sought from product manufacturers. Permit applications should include the basis for VR' estimates.
This spreadsheet tool has been set up to perform either of the above calculations.
Download .xlsx calculation tool
To calculate the time (t) to fully drain the facility:
Accounting for lateral infiltration[edit]
For some geometries (e.g. particularly deep facilities or linear facilities), it may be preferred to also account for lateral infiltration.
The 3 dimensional equations make use of the hydraulic radius (P/x), where x is the perimeter (m) of the facility.
Maximizing the perimeter of the facility directs designers towards longer, linear shapes such as infiltration trenches and bioswales.
To calculate the required depth:
Where and
The rearrangement to calculate the required footprint area of the facility for a given depth is not available at this time. Elegant submissions are invited.
To calculate the time (t) to fully drain the facility: