Changes

Stormwater dynamics are strongly influenced by land use and rainfall patterns, making them vulnerable to both climate change and [[Urbanization|urbanization]]. Canadian cities are experiencing climate change impacts at rates often exceeding the global average, as Canada is warming nearly twice as fast as the rest of the world (Bush & Lemmen, 2019)<ref>Bush, E., & Lemmen, D. 2019. Canada’s changing climate report.</ref>. Traditional stormwater systems that focus on efficiently conveying stormwater were designed based on historical climate conditions. However, urbanization and climate change have intensified surface runoff by way of more frequent and intensive rainfall occurrences and increased [[Natural drainage|impermeable]] land cover. This in turn creates challenges for urban drainage systems that lack sufficient adaptive capacity (Wang et al., 2023)<ref>Wang, M., Liu, M., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Su, J., Zhou, S., Bakhshipour, A., Tan, S. 2023. Assessing hydrological performance for optimized integrated grey-green infrastructure in response to climate change based on shared socio-economic pathways. Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104436 </ref>. Given these interconnected pressures, [[Definition of Low Impact Development|green infrastructure]] is increasingly essential for reducing flood risk, safeguarding [[Water quality|water quality]], and strengthening urban resilience. LID builds climate resilience by supplementing large [[SWM ponds|end-of-pipe ponds]] with a distributed network of smaller-scale stormwater features throughout the catchment to retain and treat runoff as close to the source as possible (Canada in a Changing Climate, 2018)<ref>Canada in a Changing Climate. 2018. Evaluation of Retrofitted Low Impact Development Practices for Stormwater Management at an Industrial Site. https://changingclimate.ca/map/evaluation-of-retrofitted-low-impact-development-practices-for-stormwater-management-at-an-industrial-site/</ref>.<br>

Stormwater dynamics are strongly influenced by land use and rainfall patterns, making them vulnerable to both climate change and [[Urbanization|urbanization]]. Canadian cities are experiencing climate change impacts at rates often exceeding the global average, as Canada is warming nearly twice as fast as the rest of the world (Bush & Lemmen, 2019)<ref>Bush, E., & Lemmen, D. 2019. Canada’s changing climate report.</ref>. Traditional stormwater systems that focus on efficiently conveying stormwater were designed based on historical climate conditions. However, urbanization and climate change have intensified surface runoff by way of more frequent and intensive rainfall occurrences and increased [[Natural drainage|impermeable]] land cover. This in turn creates challenges for urban drainage systems that lack sufficient adaptive capacity (Wang et al., 2023)<ref>Wang, M., Liu, M., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Su, J., Zhou, S., Bakhshipour, A., Tan, S. 2023. Assessing hydrological performance for optimized integrated grey-green infrastructure in response to climate change based on shared socio-economic pathways. Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104436 </ref>. Given these interconnected pressures, [[Definition of Low Impact Development|green infrastructure]] is increasingly essential for reducing flood risk, safeguarding [[Water quality|water quality]], and strengthening urban resilience. LID builds climate resilience by supplementing large [[SWM ponds|end-of-pipe ponds]] with a distributed network of smaller-scale stormwater features throughout the catchment to retain and treat runoff as close to the source as possible (Canada in a Changing Climate, 2018)<ref>Canada in a Changing Climate. 2018. Evaluation of Retrofitted Low Impact Development Practices for Stormwater Management at an Industrial Site. https://changingclimate.ca/map/evaluation-of-retrofitted-low-impact-development-practices-for-stormwater-management-at-an-industrial-site/</ref>.<br>

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[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-05 153152.png|800px]]

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-05 153152.png|800px]]

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{{textbox|Histogram of rainfall during a typical storm event overlaid with hydrographs showing:

'''Histogram of rainfall during a typical storm event overlaid with hydrographs showing:'''

<br />•pre-development (blue) peak discharge is low and creates the least amount of runoff

<br />•pre-development (blue) peak discharge is low and creates the least amount of runoff

<br />•post-development without SWM facilities (red) discharge responds quickly to rainfall and has high peak flow

<br />•post-development without SWM facilities (red) discharge responds quickly to rainfall and has high peak flow