Phosphorus

Reducing discharged phosphorus

In many forms of LID practice, the dominant mechanism reducing the loading of phosphorus, is the significant volume reduction achieved.

• Bioretention: Performance
• Others...

For infiltration practices an 'amendment' or chemically reactive 'additive' can help to retain even more phosphorus.

Design innovations to improve water quality treatment performance of filter media mixtures involve the incorporation of additives to enhance retention of reactive or dissolved pollutants. A number of granular amendments have been demonstrated to improve nutrient removal from discharge water in BMPs such as bioretention systems, stormwater planters, absorbent landscapes, sand filters or green roofs.

There are two primary processes involved, chemical precipitation and adsorption. Both mechanisms are ultimately finite, but have been shown in some cases to make significant improvements on the discharged water quality over several years. For instance, a two year STEP research study that compared standard bioretention media, to the same media amended with Sorbtive™ in one plot and iron enriched sand (aka red sand) in another showed statistically significant improvements in effluent phosphorus concentrations from the two media amended plots (STEP, 2019).

Determining when additive enhanced filter media needs replacing or maintenance represents a new challenge for stormwater asset managers, as there are no suitable visual indicators. Erickson et al. (2018) suggest effluent sampling and laboratory testing to identify when enhanced filter media pollutant retention is waning, or periodic sampling and batch (laboratory) testing of filter media to directly measure its capacity to retain the targeted pollutants. Periodic replacement of filter media at inlet locations should be considered as an operation and maintenance best practice to maintain treatment performance.

In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites.
Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
Lists are ordered alphabetically; link updates are welcomed using the form below.

Filter Media Additives

Material	Benefits	Potential concerns
Biochar	Renewable Enhances soil aggregation, water holding capacity and organic carbon content	Currently expensive Energy intensive to produce Some sources say ineffective for phosphorus removal
Bold & GoldTM	Documented total phosphorus removal of up to 71%	Proprietary
Iron filings or Zero valent iron (ZVI)	Proven phosphorus retention Retained phosphorus is stable	May harm plants Removal efficiency declines with increased concentration of incoming phosphorus
Red sand or Iron-enriched sand	Proven phosphorus removal Also removes TSS	Poor orthophosphate removal in hypoxic or anoxic conditions
Smart SpongeTM	Removes phosphorus, as well as TSS, fecal coliform bacteria and heavy metals Non-leaching	1-3 year lifespan, after which the product is removed as solid waste Proprietary
Sorbtive MediaTM	High phosphorus removal efficiency	Proprietary
Water treatment residuals	Waste product reuse	Quality control (capabilities depend on source, treatment methods, storage time)

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Phosphorus testing

To help ensure LID BMPs sustain healthy vegetation cover while not contributing substantially to nutrient loading of receiving waters, the quantity of extractable (i.e., available) P in the soil component needs to be measured and compared to design specifications or acceptance criteria. Phosphorus testing

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

The total mass of a pollutant entering a waterbody over a defined time period.

The net amount of something (e.g. chemical, such as phosphorus), calculated as the product of concentration and volume in a given time. Some BMPs significantly reduce loading of pollutants to the environment by reducing volume more so than concentration.

The engineered soil component of bioretention cell or dry swale designs, typically with a high rate of infiltration and designed to retain contaminants through filtration and adsorption to particles.

Gravel, or crushed stone of various size gradations (i.e., diameter), used in construction; void forming material used as bedding and runoff storage reservoirs and underdrains in stormwater infiltration practices.

Any form of rain or snow.

The attachment of gas, vapour or dissolved matter onto the surface of solid materials.

Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program

A shallow excavated surface depression containing prepared filter media, mulch, and planted with selected vegetation.

Mineral particles which are smaller than 2 mm, and which are free of appreciable quantities of clay and silt. Coarse sand usually designates sand grains with particle size between 0.2 and 0.02 mm.

Total suspended solids

Watercourses and Lake Ontario, to which Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows discharge.

A shallow constructed channel, often grass-lined, which is used as an alternative to curb and channel, or as a pretreatment to other measures. Swales are generally characterized by a broad top width to depth ratio and gentle grades.

Surface runoff from at-grade surfaces, resulting from rain or snowmelt events.