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Line 61: − − [[File:Screenshot 2025-09-04 120521.png|400px|thumb|right|A stormwater retrofit in Scarborough captures roof runoff, directing it toward enhancing green space, irrigating landscaped areas, and infiltrating stormwater. This system diverts water from the municipal storm sewer, strengthening watershed resilience to climate change. With aging stormwater infrastructure in the area that no longer meets current standards, this project serves as a showcase for lot-level LID retrofits (STEP, 2019)<ref name = CALSTONE>STEP. 2019. Evaluation of Retrofitted Stormwater Source Control Practices, Calstone Inc., Toronto. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/evaluation-retrofitted-stormwater-source-control-practices-calstone-inc-toronto/</ref>.]] Line 77:
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→Adapting to climate change using LID
[[File:Screenshot 2025-08-26 165331.png|500px|thumb|right| A variety of LID features distributed across a catchment addresses climate vulnerabilities more effectively than traditional grey infrastructure. Image adapted from the CT Stormwater Quality Manual (2025) <ref> CT Stormwater Quality Manual. 2025. LID Planning and Design Process. https://ctstormwatermanual.nemo.uconn.edu/lid-planning-and-design/</ref> ]]
[[File:Screenshot 2025-08-26 165331.png|500px|thumb|right| A variety of LID features distributed across a catchment addresses climate vulnerabilities more effectively than traditional grey infrastructure. Image adapted from the CT Stormwater Quality Manual (2025) <ref> CT Stormwater Quality Manual. 2025. LID Planning and Design Process. https://ctstormwatermanual.nemo.uconn.edu/lid-planning-and-design/</ref> ]]
These stormwater benefits and additional ecosystem services position LID as essential tools for cities facing intensifying climate change impacts.
These stormwater benefits and additional ecosystem services position LID as essential tools for cities facing intensifying climate change impacts.
*Jarden et al., 2015 demonstrated that catchment-scale retrofits, such as a combination of street-connected [[bioretention]] cells (with and without [[underdrains]]), [[rain gardens]], and [[rain barrels]], can significantly reduce peak flows<ref>Jarden, Kimberly M., Anne J. Jefferson, and Jennifer M. Grieser. 2015. Assessing the Effects of Catchment-Scale Urban Green Infrastructure Retrofits on Hydrograph Characteristics. Hydrological Processes 30 (10):1536–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10736 </ref>.
*Jarden et al., 2015 demonstrated that catchment-scale retrofits, such as a combination of street-connected [[bioretention]] cells (with and without [[underdrains]]), [[rain gardens]], and [[rain barrels]], can significantly reduce peak flows<ref>Jarden, Kimberly M., Anne J. Jefferson, and Jennifer M. Grieser. 2015. Assessing the Effects of Catchment-Scale Urban Green Infrastructure Retrofits on Hydrograph Characteristics. Hydrological Processes 30 (10):1536–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10736 </ref>.
*A [[rainwater harvesting|cistern]]/irrigation system and [[Infiltration chambers|soakaway ponds]]/infiltration trench retrofitted into an industrial-commercial lot in Toronto reduced runoff volume from their roof drainage areas by 64% (~650 m<sup>2</sup> roof area) and 89% (~204 m<sup>2</sup> roof area), respectively (STEP, 2019)<ref name = CALSTONE></ref>.
*A [[rainwater harvesting|cistern]]/irrigation system and [[Infiltration chambers|soakaway ponds]]/infiltration trench retrofitted into an industrial-commercial lot in Toronto reduced runoff volume from their roof drainage areas by 64% (~650 m<sup>2</sup> roof area) and 89% (~204 m<sup>2</sup> roof area), respectively (STEP, 2019)<ref name = CALSTONE></ref>.
[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-04 120521.png|500px|]]<br>
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As referenced above, a stormwater retrofit project that took place at Calstone Inc., located in Scarborough ON., was designed to capture roof runoff, and then directing it toward enhanced green space, irrigating landscaped areas, and infiltrating stormwater onsite. This system diverts water from the municipal storm sewer, strengthening watershed resilience to climate change. With aging stormwater infrastructure in the area that no longer meets current standards, this project serves as a showcase for lot-level LID retrofits (STEP, 2019)<ref name = CALSTONE>STEP. 2019. Evaluation of Retrofitted Stormwater Source Control Practices, Calstone Inc., Toronto. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/evaluation-retrofitted-stormwater-source-control-practices-calstone-inc-toronto/</ref>.
==Tailoring LID features to climate change==
==Tailoring LID features to climate change==