Wildlife

Geese

Canada Geese and Cackling Geese can cause damage by eating vegetation, and mess by leaving droppings. In some urban settings they can pose a further nuisance by alarming members of the public. They are often associated with stormwater management ponds. As many forms of LID reduce or eliminate standing water, the habitat for geese is reduced. However, geese have even been found nesting on extensive green roofs in our region.
Here are some tips on control:

1. <textprimary>Discourage the feeding of any wildlife:</textprimary> This may require public education with signage.
2. <textprimary>Discourage geese from taking off and landing:</textprimary> Geese require open space which can be broken up with fencing or vegetation barriers such as hedges
3. <textprimary>Mow less frequently:</textprimary>Geese prefer to eat the shorter, younger shoots of turf grass. Reducing mowing saves maintenance budget, and on vegetation filter strips and in enhanced grass swales the roughness (Manning's 'n') is increased. Increased roughness slows flow, allowing more water to infiltrate into the soil.
4. <textprimary>Bird deterrent tape:</textprimary>Geese are slightly discouraged by shiny/flickering/reflective movement. Foil tape or flags are available for this purpose. This can be a useful strategy on recently seeded areas or on green roofs in the late winter at the start of nesting season.

<panelInfo>

• 

  Family of geese living on an extensive green roof

</panelInfo>

---

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are a vector for many global diseases. In Ontario they are associated with transmission of West Nile Virus[1]. Low impact development technologies reduce the amount of standing water compared to traditional stormwater ponds. However there are a few additional design recommendations that can reduce mosquito habitat even further:

• <textprimary>Mesh is the first line of defense:</textprimary> A mesh size of 1.5 mm or smaller is recommended where a screen is used to exclude mosquitoes from a tank or other standing water[2],
• The Ministry of the Envionment and Climate Change permit just two larvicides to be used to kill mosquito larvae growing in the water[3]:
  1. <textprimary>Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti):</textprimary>Note that provincial regulations permit only granular application, rather than 'dunks' or 'pucks' available elsewhere. This means frequent application may be necessary,
  2. <textprimary>Methoprene:</textprimary>This product can only be used by licensed individuals as it is slightly toxic to some fish species.

Airborne adulticides for mosquito control are permitted for use in Ontario. But their use is not recommended for most forms of stormwater control.
Encouraging populations of bats, birds, dragonflies and other natural predators is worthwhile for improving biodiversity. But has not been demonstrated as an effective means of mosquito control.

<panelSuccess>

• 

  Mosquito larvae developing in water
  Image: James Gathany, CDC

</panelSuccess>

---

Mammals

Is digging by squirrels/racoons etc. a problem? I've witnessed green roofs being dug though by squirrels.

<iframe src="https://3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/embed.html?mid=4564374f-27bf-4666-bad3-5ea409ec176f&width=580&height=326" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" width="580" height="326" allowfullscreen></iframe>

---

Humans

Vandalism exists. Recommend signage and engagement. Also write a bit about Landscape Architecture and deviance!

Green Roofs
I am a picture
I am a caption
Statistic 1:	1
Statistic 2:	2

---

See Also

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

Water ponded on the ground surface.

A thin layer of vegetation and growing medium installed on top of a conventional flat or sloped roof, also referred to as living roofs or rooftop gardens.

A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

Gravel, or crushed stone of various size gradations (i.e., diameter), used in construction; void forming material used as bedding and runoff storage reservoirs and underdrains in stormwater infiltration practices.