Managing Costs and Containing Risks using the One Water Approach

Managing Costs and Containing Risks Using the One Water Approach

Integrated Stormwater Management Planning requires robust application of the One Water approach. Municipalities can employ the One Water approach in order to both explore the interconnections between water systems and to use this information to make the most informed water management decisions. Using this approach will help to a) ensure that water infrastructure systems deliver the appropriate level of service to human populations, and b) minimize negative impacts on other water systems, including natural systems like aquifers, streams, and lakes. Making the transition to a new, forward-looking, and sustainable integrated water management framework will support municipalities and other decision makers in addressing a complex system of drivers and risks. Such drivers and risks include aspects related to climate change, urban development, redevelopment and intensification of existing areas. Failing infrastructure – and the cost of its repair and replacement – is one example of risks. A 2007 survey carried out by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) and McGill University survey found that the estimated water infrastructure deficit in Canada was $31 billion for existing infrastructure, plus $56.6 billion for new infrastructure needs, including water, wastewater and stormwater systems (FCM, 2007). Since the One Water approach considers these systems in a systematic, integrated manner, it can help water managers identify cost-effective solutions that can impact and improve multiple systems. It can also help municipalities determine and prioritize investments based on benefits to residents and the watershed.

Rainwater harvesting is one simple example of a cost-effective solution which yields multiple benefits. Rainwater harvesting provides an alternative water source for activities that do not require potable water, such as gardening or flushing toilets. In turn, residents use less municipal drinking water – which is expensive and energy intensive to treat and distribute, especially for such activities. For some municipalities, including the City of Toronto, Region of Peel, and City of Guelph, treating and distributing water can account for 25% to 60% of total municipal electricity costs. As such, the One Water approach can provide conservation not only of water, but of energy. This relationship is known as the water-energy nexus. Additionally, capturing rainwater decreases the flow of water to municipal stormwater management systems, which can alleviate stress on older systems that lack capacity for high volumes of water, potentially reducing instances of flooding and erosion. The alleviation of such stresses is akin to finding ‘hidden capacity’ within an existing system, and can result in the deferment of expensive system upgrades if implemented on a broad enough scale. The One Water approach emphasizes solutions that offer multiple benefits. To properly evaluate these solutions, it is helpful to consider water management through the lens of the watershed.

The Watershed Perspective

A conceptual image depicting a Lake Ontario watershed demonstrates that the watershed scale reveals the connections between different water management activities, and their reliance on shared water resources. The figure depicts a scenario where storm sewers discharge directly to streams and lakes without treatment, and areas where ponds treat stormwater prior to discharge. The figure shows drinking water sourced from groundwater, riverine and lake sources, as well as a pipeline to transport the water to upper reaches within the watershed. Lastly, river-based and lake-based wastewater discharge – including from combined sewers – is also shown. (Source: CVC).

As noted in previous section, the watershed scale is an appropriate spatial scale for many water infrastructure and water management decisions, as it is a functional response unit. While working to employ the precepts of the One Water approach within a municipal water planning framework, it is helpful to start with the watershed as a foundational perspective. The watershed perspective reveals the complex, manifold ways in which water systems – natural and built – are connected. Understanding these layers, how they are linked, and how a watershed functions will support cost-effective, holistic municipal water and land management. It will also make clear many types of levels of risk which otherwise may not have been revealed. For example, a rainfall event might lead to contaminated stormwater runoff draining to drinking water supply intake locations. A watershed approach not only encourages the identification of these types of risks, but also makes it easier to determine potential solutions to mitigate problems. Efforts to minimize risk can encourage municipalities to work together on integrated planning and management solutions, since watersheds cross political boundaries.

Phased Approaches to Implementing an Integrated Water Management Strategy

The purpose of this section of the wiki guide is to provide direction on how to follow a phased approach to completing a water sustainability plan. It is a tool that water managers can use to streamline planning efforts, reduce costs, and coordinate decisions and management tasks relating to water infrastructure. This section also includes suggestions on how to expand upon existing information to fill data gaps within a given study area. It will also provide linkages to – and build upon - many external resources produced by the STEP partners that give further guidance and consideration to matters which impinge upon sustainable planning and the One Water approach, including matters pertaining to climate change, asset management, risk assessment and more. To ensure that we are making informed water management decisions and developing only the most prudent stormwater designs it is critical that we accept and embrace the intrinsically interconnected nature of water resources in Ontario.

Supporting Policies

Within the Province of Ontario, we are fortunate to have a number of pre-existing policies, protocols and guidance documents which directly and/or indirectly support various elements related to water management. This wiki is one such guide. The following policies are also relevant to integrated water management decision making:

Provincial Policy Statement

The Provincial Policy Statement states “the watershed is the ecologically meaningful scale for integrated and long-term planning.” This guide puts forward the watershed and/or subwatershed as an incredibly useful boundary to consider for water sustainability planning. The Provincial Policy Statement also emphasizes that planning authorities should consider the potential increased natural hazard risk associated with climate change.

Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO's)

Water management in Ontario is, in part, guided by the policies outlined in this document, also known as the “Blue Book.” This document provides direction on management of surface water and groundwater from a quality and quantity perspective. These are the stated goals of the document:

• Ensure water quality is satisfactory for aquatic life and recreation, to preserve groundwater quality to a quality protective of the greatest number of beneficial uses.
• Manage surface water and groundwater quantity to ensure a fair sharing among users, water conservation, and sustainability of the resource.

The Blue Book outlines the Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO), which are numerical and narrative criteria which serve as chemical and physical indicators representing satisfactory level for surface waters and where it discharges to the surface water and groundwater of the Province. The PWQO are a set at a level of water quality that is protective of all forms of requirements aquatic life and recreational use of surface waters.

The Safe Drinking Water Act

Under Section 19 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, decision makers for municipal drinking water systems can be held personally liable for failing to act in a reasonable way to ensure the safety of drinking water system user. A water sustainability plan considers potential impacts to drinking water sources and services, and puts forwards a plan to limit those impacts to promote safe and sustainable drinking water services into the future.

The Ontario Water Resources Act

The Ontario Water Resources Act includes provisions for controlling discharge of pollutants into waters that could result in impaired water quality. Section 53 the Ontario Water Resources Act requires environmental compliance approvals for sewage works (including stormwater and wastewater works).

The Environmental Protection Act

The Environmental Protection Act governs the discharge of contaminants into the natural environment where that discharge could cause an adverse effect.

The Environmental Assessment Act

The Ontario Environmental Assessment Act provides a process by which the environmental impacts of infrastructure projects, including municipal infrastructure, can be considered and approved by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change. Water, wastewater and stormwater master plans are typically carried out following the class environmental assessment (Class EA) process. If the infrastructure project follows the planning process outlined in the Class EA, it does not need additional approval under the Environmental Assessment Act.

The Water Opportunities Act, 2010

The purposes of the Water Opportunities Act are to foster innovative water, wastewater, and stormwater technologies, services and practices; to create opportunities for economic development and clean-technology jobs in Ontario; and to conserve and sustain water resources for present and future generations. The Act provides a framework for municipal water sustainability plans, which include asset management, financial, and water conservation plans, as well as risk assessment, and actions to maintain and improve water services.

The Endangered Species Act

Many municipalities and watersheds in Ontario provide habitat for endangered species. This habitat may include aquatic species that can be impacted by water management activities, such as municipal and wastewater discharge, groundwater taking, and land use changes resulting in altered hydrology. A water sustainability plan should identify sensitive habitats that may require protection to ensure compliance with the Endangered Species Act and create a plan for water management activities that enhance and protect that habitat.

Layer of rock or soil that holds or transmits water.

The drainage area of a river.

An area of land that drains into a river or a lake. The boundary of a watershed is based on the elevation (natural contours) of a landscape.

The practice of intercepting, conveying and storing rainwater for future use. Captured rainwater is typically used for outdoor non-potable water uses such as irrigation, or in the building to flush toilets.

(1) The wearing away of the land surface by moving water, wind, ice or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitation creep; (2) Detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice or gravity (i.e. Accelerated, geological, gully, natural, rill, sheet, splash, or impact, etc).

The water below the surface, and typically below the groundwater table.

Credit Valley Conservation

The portion of water precipitated onto a catchment area, which then flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.

Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.

Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program

Reduction in applied water due to more efficient water use such as implementation of Urban Best Management Practices or Agricultural Efficient Water Management Practices. The extent to which these actions actually create a savings in water supply depends on how they affect net water use and depletion.

The liquid waste from domestic, commercial and industrial establishments. City of Toronto Wet Weather Flow Management Guidelines November 2006 49

Refers to the conditions in which an organism lives and survives or the conditions in which an organism resides. These conditions can be described as aspects of a “physical”, “social” or an “economic” environment, depending on the perspective perceived by the observer.

Refers to the conditions in which an organism lives and survives or the conditions in which an organism resides. These conditions can be described as aspects of a “physical”, “social” or an “economic” environment, depending on the perspective perceived by the observer.