Changes

==LID Design for Flood Control==

==LID Design for Flood Control==

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-22 114031.png|375px|thumb|right|Wet pond: The permanent pool provides the water quality control, while the ‘active storage’ above the permanent pool provides temporary storage and slow release to reduce peak flows, stream channel erosion control, and flooding. Wet ponds do not provide runoff reduction or thermal mitigation benefits (MOE, 2003)<ref>Ontario Ministry of Environment. 2003. Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. https://www.ontario.ca/document/stormwater-management-planning-and-design-manual/stormwater-management-plan-and-swmp-design</ref>.]]

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-22 114031.png|500px|thumb|right|Wet pond: The permanent pool provides the water quality control, while the ‘active storage’ above the permanent pool provides temporary storage and slow release to reduce peak flows, stream channel erosion control, and flooding. Wet ponds do not provide runoff reduction or thermal mitigation benefits (MOE, 2003)<ref>Ontario Ministry of Environment. 2003. Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual. https://www.ontario.ca/document/stormwater-management-planning-and-design-manual/stormwater-management-plan-and-swmp-design</ref>.]]

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-22 161822.png|475px|thumb|right|Hybrid trench and bioretention system: combines flood protection with water quality and water balance benefits. Active storage above the underdrain provides channel and flood control, while infiltration below the underdrain improves water quality and maintains water balance. The underdrain is positioned close to the trench bottom to maximize storage capacity and may be fitted with an orifice to regulate release rates, ensuring full use of storage even during the 100-year event. Because infiltration rates increase with hydraulic head, this design can achieve higher volume reduction than conventional LID practices not intended for flood control. Inlets consist of a distributed network of curb cuts connected to high-flow cobble/gravel columns (about 1 × 2 m). A similar concept can also be applied using stormwater chambers or underground infiltration trenches. Base image: Schollen and Co.<ref>https://www.toronto.ca/ext/digital_comm/pdfs/transportation-services/green-streets-technical-guidelines-document-v2-17-11-08.pdf</ref>)]]

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-22 161822.png|500px|thumb|right|Hybrid trench and bioretention system: combines flood protection with water quality and water balance benefits. Active storage above the underdrain provides channel and flood control, while infiltration below the underdrain improves water quality and maintains water balance. The underdrain is positioned close to the trench bottom to maximize storage capacity and may be fitted with an orifice to regulate release rates, ensuring full use of storage even during the 100-year event. Because infiltration rates increase with hydraulic head, this design can achieve higher volume reduction than conventional LID practices not intended for flood control. Inlets consist of a distributed network of curb cuts connected to high-flow cobble/gravel columns (about 1 × 2 m). A similar concept can also be applied using stormwater chambers or underground infiltration trenches. Base image: Schollen and Co.<ref>https://www.toronto.ca/ext/digital_comm/pdfs/transportation-services/green-streets-technical-guidelines-document-v2-17-11-08.pdf</ref>)]]

Many studies show that LID practices help reduce peak flows during smaller, more frequent storms. They work by detaining runoff and releasing it slowly over time. However, larger events can overwhelm the capacity of LID practices. Once their storage capacity is full, the [[overflow]] rapidly discharges excess water into storm sewers, thus limiting their ability to mitigate large flood events. LID designed for flood control should integrate large active storage volumes to temporarily store stormwater and slowly release it to streams or downstream sewer systems. The mechanisms by which conventional wet ponds (top) and hybrid stormwater infiltration trench/bioretention facility (bottom) provide this temporary storage are shown in the figures on the right:

Many studies show that LID practices help reduce peak flows during smaller, more frequent storms. They work by detaining runoff and releasing it slowly over time. However, larger events can overwhelm the capacity of LID practices. Once their storage capacity is full, the [[overflow]] rapidly discharges excess water into storm sewers, thus limiting their ability to mitigate large flood events. LID designed for flood control should integrate large active storage volumes to temporarily store stormwater and slowly release it to streams or downstream sewer systems. The mechanisms by which conventional wet ponds (top) and hybrid stormwater infiltration trench/bioretention facility (bottom) provide this temporary storage are shown in the figures on the right: