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[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-05 163005.png|500px|thumb|right|LID can help offset climate change impacts in urban environments (IISD, 2021) <ref>International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2021. Natural Infrastructure Solutions for Climate Resilience. https://www.iisd.org/articles/explainer/natural-infrastructure-solutions-climate-resilience</ref>.]]

[[File:Screenshot 2025-09-05 163005.png|500px|thumb|right|LID can help offset climate change impacts in urban environments (IISD, 2021) <ref>International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2021. Natural Infrastructure Solutions for Climate Resilience. https://www.iisd.org/articles/explainer/natural-infrastructure-solutions-climate-resilience</ref>.]]

Research highlights LID, such as [[bioretention]], [[infiltration]], and [[rainwater harvesting]], as a critical strategy for building climate-resilient cities. Studies show that LID can reduce runoff volumes during extreme events, decrease peak flows, reduce overflow of combined sewers, and promote [[Groundwater|groundwater]] recharge:

Research highlights LID, such as [[bioretention]], [[infiltration]], and [[rainwater harvesting]], as a critical strategy for building climate-resilient cities. Studies show that LID can reduce runoff volumes during extreme events, decrease peak flows, reduce overflow of combined sewers, and promote [[Groundwater|groundwater]] recharge:

*Modelled [[green roofs]], [[permeable pavements]], and [[bioretention]] cells were shown to increase resilience against combined sewer overflows during heavy future rainfall, helping prevent untreated sewage from being released (Rodriguez et al., 2024)<ref>Rodríguez, M., Fu, G., Butler, D., Yuan, Z., & Cook, L. 2024. The effect of green infrastructure on resilience performance in combined sewer systems under climate change. Journal of Environmental Management, 353, 120229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120229</ref>.  

*Modelled [[green roofs]], [[permeable pavements]], and [[bioretention]] cells were shown to increase resilience against combined sewer overflows during heavy future rainfall, helping prevent untreated sewage from being released (Rodriguez et al., 2024)<ref>Rodríguez, M., Fu, G., Butler, D., Yuan, Z., & Cook, L. 2024. The effect of green infrastructure on resilience performance in combined sewer systems under climate change. Journal of Environmental Management, 353, 120229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120229</ref>.  

*Vegetated LID features, such as [[green roofs]] and [[Swales|treed bioswales]], provide natural cooling that helps regulate urban temperatures and reduce energy demand and costs (ECONorthwest, 2007)<ref>ECONorthwest. 2007. The Economics of Low-Impact Development: A Literature Review. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/LID_Economics_Literature_Review.pdf </ref>.

*Vegetated LID features, such as [[green roofs]] and [[Swales|treed bioswales]], provide natural cooling that helps regulate urban temperatures and reduce energy demand and costs (ECONorthwest, 2007)<ref>ECONorthwest. 2007. The Economics of Low-Impact Development: A Literature Review. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/LID_Economics_Literature_Review.pdf </ref>.

===Although LID BMPs are primarily designed to manage water quantity and [[water quality|quality]], they also provide additional co-benefits for climate adaptation:===

===LID co-benefits for climate change===

Although LID BMPs are primarily designed to manage water quantity and [[water quality|quality]], they also provide additional co-benefits for climate adaptation:  

*Gill et al. (2007) demonstrated that increasing urban greenspace by 10% by installing [[green roofs]] could offset projected urban heat increases until the 2080s<ref>Gill, S. Handley, J.F. Ennos, R., Pauleit, S. 2007. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environment. 33. 115-133. DOI:10.2148/benv.33.1.115 </ref>.  

*Gill et al. (2007) demonstrated that increasing urban greenspace by 10% by installing [[green roofs]] could offset projected urban heat increases until the 2080s<ref>Gill, S. Handley, J.F. Ennos, R., Pauleit, S. 2007. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environment. 33. 115-133. DOI:10.2148/benv.33.1.115 </ref>.  

*New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan, launched in 2010, uses [[green roofs]], [[rain gardens]], and [[permeable pavements]] to reduce combined sewer overflows and improve [[water quality]]. By 2020, over 5,000 projects were managing more than 760 million liters of stormwater annually. Beyond stormwater benefits, these projects also improve air quality, support biodiversity, and create green spaces in underserved communities (Montazeri, 2024)<ref>Montazeri , B. 2024. A Comparative Study of LID, Suds, and Sponge City Strategies: Case Study of Melbourne. Masters’s Thesis, Politecnico di Torino. https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/secure/32417/1/tesi.pdf </ref>.  

*New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan, launched in 2010, uses [[green roofs]], [[rain gardens]], and [[permeable pavements]] to reduce combined sewer overflows and improve [[water quality]]. By 2020, over 5,000 projects were managing more than 760 million liters of stormwater annually. Beyond stormwater benefits, these projects also improve air quality, support biodiversity, and create green spaces in underserved communities (Montazeri, 2024)<ref>Montazeri , B. 2024. A Comparative Study of LID, Suds, and Sponge City Strategies: Case Study of Melbourne. Masters’s Thesis, Politecnico di Torino. https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/secure/32417/1/tesi.pdf </ref>.