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+| Mean n (Vukovic) || 0.26 || || 0.33 || || 0.26 || || 0.26 || || 0.26 || || 0.30 || || 0.26 || +| Mean K<sub>(hazen)</sub>(mm/hr) || 900 || || 1812 || || 2602 || || 2605 || || 663 || || 11412 || || NN || +
[[File:Aggregates Highway 7.jpg|thumb|The fines can clearly be seen on these piles of standard OPSS aggregates for road reconstruction]]
+<onlyinclude>Of the standard granular materials in the standard [https://www.roadauthority.com/Standards/?id=a28fdfaf-3bf8-4679-81ca-4e44b2263cf8 OPSS.PROV 1010] only '''Granular O''' is recommended as a substitute for [[reservoir aggregate| clear stone]] in LID construction.
+{{Textbox|1= Where Granular O is substituted for clear stone in underground reservoir structures, the porosity used in design calculations shall be '''0.3''' unless laboratory testing proves otherwise.}}
+Examples of BMPs with underground reservoirs include [[Underdrains]], [[infiltration trenches]], [[permeable pavements]], [[infiltration chambers]], [[exfiltration trenches]].
+
+All other mixes must be avoided for free drainage or storage as they are permitted to contain a higher enough proportion of fines to reduce permeability below 50 mm/hr.
+</onlyinclude>
+===Justification===
+
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
−|+ Grain size analysis, percent passing
+|+ Grain size analysis, percent passing<ref>OPSS. (2013). Material Specification for Aggregates - Base, Subbase, Select Subgrade, and Backfill Material. Retrieved from https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/91ba-ecs-specs-roadspecs-TS_1010_Sep2017.pdf</ref> <ref>OPSS. (2020). Construction Specification for Open Grades Drainage Layer. OPSS.PROV 320. Retrieved from: https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/91ba-ecs-specs-roadspecs-TS_1010_Sep2017.pdf</ref>
−! Sieve size (mm)
+!rowspan = "2" align = center| Sieve size (mm)
!colspan = "2" align = center| A
!colspan = "2" align = center| A
−!colspan = "2" align = center| B I
+!colspan = "2" align = center| B type I
−!colspan = "2" align = center| B II
+!colspan = "2" align = center| B type II
−!colspan = "2" align = center| B III
+!colspan = "2" align = center| B type III
!colspan = "2" align = center| M
!colspan = "2" align = center| M
!colspan = "2" align = center| O
!colspan = "2" align = center| O
−!colspan = "2" align = center| SSM
+!colspan = "2" align = center| (SSM)<br>
+<small>Select Subgrade Materials</small>
+!colspan = "2" align = center| (OGDL)<br>
+<small>Open Graded Drainage Layer</small>
|-
|-
−| || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low
+| High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low || High || Low|| High || Low
|-
|-
−| 150 || || || 100 || 100 || || || 100 || 100 || || || || || 100 || 100
+| 150 || || || 100 || 100 || || || 100 || 100 || || || || || 100 || 100|| ||
|-
|-
−| 106 || || || || || 100 || 100 || || || || || || || ||
+| 106 || || || || || 100 || 100 || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
−| 37.5 || || || || || || || || || || || 100 || 100 || ||
+| 37.5 || || || || || || || || || || || 100 || 100 || || || 100|| 100
|-
|-
−| 26.5 || 100 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || || || 95 || 100 || 50 || 100
+| 26.5 || 100 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || 50 || 100 || || || 95 || 100 || 50 || 100|| 100|| 95
|-
|-
−| 19 || 85 || 100 || || || || || || || 100 || 100 || 80 || 95 || ||
+| 19 || 85 || 100 || || || || || || || 100 || 100 || 80 || 95 || || || 100|| 90
|-
|-
−| 13.2 || 65 || 90 || || || || || || || 75 || 95 || 60 || 80 || ||
+| 13.2 || 65 || 90 || || || || || || || 75 || 95 || 60 || 80 || || || 86|| 40
|-
|-
−| 9.5 || 50 || 73 || || || || || 32 || 100 || 55 || 80 || 50 || 70 || ||
+| 9.5 || 50 || 73 || || || || || 32 || 100 || 55 || 80 || 50 || 70 || || || 55|| 20
|-
|-
−| 4.75 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 100 || 20 || 55 || 20 || 90 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 45 || 20 || 100
+| 4.75 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 100 || 20 || 55 || 20 || 90 || 35 || 55 || 20 || 45 || 20 || 100 || 10|| 0
|-
|-
−| 1.18 || 15 || 40 || 10 || 100 || 10 || 40 || 10 || 60 || 15 || 40 || 0 || 15 || 10 || 100
+| 1.18 || 15 || 40 || 10 || 100 || 10 || 40 || 10 || 60 || 15 || 40 || 0 || 15 || 10 || 100|| ||
|-
|-
−| 0.3 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 65 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 35 || 5 || 22 || || || 5 || 95
+| 0.3 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 65 || 5 || 22 || 2 || 35 || 5 || 22 || || || 5 || 95|| ||
|-
|-
−| 0.15 || || 15 || || || || || || || || || || || 2 || 65
+| 0.15 || || 15 || || || || || || || || || || || 2 || 65|| ||
|-
|-
−| 0.075 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 8 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 25
+| 0.075 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 8 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 0 ||style='color: red'|25|| 2|| 0
|-
|-
−| d<sub>60</sub> || 13 || 6 || 35 || 0.25 || 25 || 6 || 40 || 1.2 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 7 || 35 || 0.15
+| d<sub>60</sub> || 13 || 6 || 35 || 0.25 || 25 || 6 || 40 || 1.2 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 7 || 35 || 0.15 || 2 || style='color: red'|NaN
|-
|-
−| d<sub>10</sub> || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1 || 0.08 || 1.2 || 0.075 || 1.2 || 0.085 || 0.6 || 0.09 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 1.2 || NN
+| d<sub>10</sub> || 0.7 || 0.1 || 1 || 0.08 || 1.2 || 0.075 || 1.2 || 0.085 || 0.6 || 0.09 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 1.2 ||style='color: red'|NaN || 0.658|| 0.466
|-
|-
−| Content Uniformity || 19 || 60 || 35 || 3 || 21 || 80 || 33 || 14 || 17 || 56 || 6 || 23 || 29 ||
+| Content Uniformity || 19 || 60 || 35 || 3 || 21 || 80 || 33 || 14 || 17 || 56 || 6 || 23 || 29 || || 3||style='color: red'|NaN
|-
|-
−| n (Vukovic) || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.40 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.34 || 0.26 || 0.26 ||
+| Porosity (Vukovic) || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.40 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.27 || 0.26 || 0.34 || 0.26 || 0.26 || || 0.40 || 0.25
|-
|-
−! Mean porosity (Vukovic)
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.33
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.3
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.26
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 0.38
|-
|-
−| K<sub>(Hazen)</sub>(mm/hr) || 1764 || 36 || 3600 || 23.04 || 5184 || 20.25 || 5184 || 26.01 || 1296 || 29.16 || 22500 || 324 || 5184 || NN
+| K<sub>(Hazen)</sub>(mm/hr) || 1764 ||style='color: red'|36 || 3600 ||style='color: red'|23 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|20 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|26|| 1296 ||style='color: red'|29|| 22500 || 324 || 5184 ||style='color: red'|NaN ||62500 ||
|-
|-
−! Mean K<sub>(hazen)</sub>(mm/hr)
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 900
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 1812
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 2602
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 2605
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 663
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 11412
+!colspan = "2" align = center style='color: red'|NaN
+!colspan = "2" align = center| 62500
|}
|}
+
+Porosity values were calculated based on the coefficient of uniformity (''C<sub>U</sub>'')<ref>Vuković, Milan and Soro, Andjelko Determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media from grain-size composition. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo, 1992.</ref><ref>Odong, J. (2007). Evaluation of Empirical Formulae for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity based on Grain-Size Analysis. Journal of American Science, 3(3). Retrieved from http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/0303/10-0284-Odong-Evaluation-am.pdf</ref><ref>Zhang, S. (2017). Relationship between Particle Size Distribution and Porosity in Dump Leaching. the University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0357233</ref>:
+<math>n=0.255\left ( 1+0.83^{C_{U}} \right )</math>
+Where coefficient of uniformity is the ratio of the 60th and 10th percentile grain sizes:
+<math>C_U=\frac{d_{60}}{d_{10}}</math>
+
+Permeability (''K'') was estimated from the 10th percentile grain size using the [[Hazen]] formula.
+
+==References==
+
+[[Category: Materials]]