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LID opportunities in road-right-of-ways (view source)

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Rights of way (RoW) standards in Ontario vary by municipality, but generally there are seven typical ROW types:
 
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[[File:Anatomy of a green street.png|thumb|Anatomy of a green street (Source: Ann English)]]
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Rights of way (ROW) standards in Ontario vary by municipality, but generally there are seven typical ROW types:
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#Local residential
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#Residential collector
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#Local industrial
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#Industrial collector
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#Minor arterial
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#Major arterial
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#Main streets
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This article discusses the characteristics, opportunities, constraints, and examples for each of these road types. This guidance is not intended to be prohibitive of other LID options, but rather to help reduce the number of LID options in the preliminary phases of screening and to alert the designer to LID opportunities unique to each road type. Adjacent land uses, traffic demands, utility locations, budget constraints and geological conditions will determine the most appropriate LID solution.
 
This article discusses the characteristics, opportunities, constraints, and examples for each of these road types. This guidance is not intended to be prohibitive of other LID options, but rather to help reduce the number of LID options in the preliminary phases of screening and to alert the designer to LID opportunities unique to each road type. Adjacent land uses, traffic demands, utility locations, budget constraints and geological conditions will determine the most appropriate LID solution.
    
==Local residential road==
 
==Local residential road==
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[[File:Local Residential Road Rural Cross-section.png|thumb|Residential Road (Rural Cross-Section) and applicable LID options]]
 
[[File:Local Residential Road Rural Cross-section.png|thumb|Residential Road (Rural Cross-Section) and applicable LID options]]
 
Local residential streets are the most common street type. They serve as access to the residential lots within areas created by, or bounded by, thoroughfares, arterials, collectors, primary residential streets and other physical boundaries, e.g. natural streams and railroads. Since their primary function is local vehicular access rather than inter-community circulation, theses roads have low traffic volumes and serve mostly lightweight vehicular traffic, but they must accommodate the rapid access needs of emergency vehicles.  
 
Local residential streets are the most common street type. They serve as access to the residential lots within areas created by, or bounded by, thoroughfares, arterials, collectors, primary residential streets and other physical boundaries, e.g. natural streams and railroads. Since their primary function is local vehicular access rather than inter-community circulation, theses roads have low traffic volumes and serve mostly lightweight vehicular traffic, but they must accommodate the rapid access needs of emergency vehicles.  
    
===Rural cross-section===
 
===Rural cross-section===
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{{Textbox|1=Characteristics specific to the residential rural cross section include:
 
{{Textbox|1=Characteristics specific to the residential rural cross section include:
 
*Shoulders are grassed, gravel, or bare soil from winter maintenance, pedestrians and street side parking
 
*Shoulders are grassed, gravel, or bare soil from winter maintenance, pedestrians and street side parking
 
*Side drainage ditches are often narrow, poorly graded,and can be difficult for homeowners to maintain
 
*Side drainage ditches are often narrow, poorly graded,and can be difficult for homeowners to maintain
 
*Utilities are often in separate trenches rather than a combined utility trench}}
 
*Utilities are often in separate trenches rather than a combined utility trench}}
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for rural residential road (rural cross section)<br>
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(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! RoW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
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! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]]
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Resurfacing || o || o || * ||** || ** || * || * || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Reconstruction || o ||o || * ||** || ** ||* || * || o
 +
|}
    
{|class= wikitable "style=text-align: center;"
 
{|class= wikitable "style=text-align: center;"
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|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
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*Use of [[permeable paving]] within the roadway is not economical when there are adjacent [[swales]] to filter and infiltrate runoff
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*Use of [[permeable pavements]] within the roadway is not economical when there are adjacent [[swales]] to filter and infiltrate runoff
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Bioswales]] or the use of [[perforated pipes]] beneath grass swales can reduce the nuisance problems associated with conventional swales like standing surface water and steep slopes
 
*[[Bioswales]] or the use of [[perforated pipes]] beneath grass swales can reduce the nuisance problems associated with conventional swales like standing surface water and steep slopes
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===Urban cross-section===
 
===Urban cross-section===
 
[[File:Local Residential Road Urban Cross-section.png|thumb|Local residential road (urban cross-section) and applicable LID options]]
 
[[File:Local Residential Road Urban Cross-section.png|thumb|Local residential road (urban cross-section) and applicable LID options]]
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{{Textbox|1= Characteristics specific to the urban cross section include:
 
{{Textbox|1= Characteristics specific to the urban cross section include:
 
*Parking zones are often underused
 
*Parking zones are often underused
 
*Residential boulevard space is the easiest to modify and use for stormwater management compared to other street types
 
*Residential boulevard space is the easiest to modify and use for stormwater management compared to other street types
 
*Utility lines may be in separate or shared trenches}}  
 
*Utility lines may be in separate or shared trenches}}  
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for local residential road (urban cross section)  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! RoW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswale]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]] (sidewalk)
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction|| o || * ||** ||* || * ||** ||** || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Resurfacing || o || ** ||** ||* || * ||** || * || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Reconstruction || o ||** ||** ||* || * ||** || ** || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Reduction || o || * || ** ||* || * ||** || o || o
 +
|}
    
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
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*Often have multi-modal use: transit, pedestrian, cyclists
 
*Often have multi-modal use: transit, pedestrian, cyclists
 
*Institutions such as schools, recreational facilities, and churches are often located along collectors}}
 
*Institutions such as schools, recreational facilities, and churches are often located along collectors}}
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 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for residential collector road  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! RoW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]] (sidewalk)
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||** ||** ||** || * || * || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o || o ||** ||** || ** || * || * || o
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||* ||** ||** || o ||** || ** || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || ** ||* || o ||* || ** || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || * || ** ||* || o ||** || ** || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || ** ||* || o ||** || o || *
 +
|}
    
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
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*[[Permeable paving]] is an option for parking lanes and sidewalk. However, permeable pavers are susceptible to clogging if receiving runoff drainage from adjoining asphalt roadway. Avoid permeable pavement for high traffic travel lanes. Pervious concrete or porous asphalt are options for bike lanes.  
+
*[[Permeable pavements]] is an option for parking lanes and sidewalk. However, permeable pavers are susceptible to clogging if receiving runoff drainage from adjoining asphalt roadway. Avoid permeable pavement for high traffic travel lanes. Pervious concrete or porous asphalt are options for bike lanes.  
 
*Perforated pipes are suitable for collectors with very limited space, particularly where there is no routine landscaping maintenance. However, adequate pretreatment such as grass swales, extended sump catchbasins, or prefabricated units must be provided.
 
*Perforated pipes are suitable for collectors with very limited space, particularly where there is no routine landscaping maintenance. However, adequate pretreatment such as grass swales, extended sump catchbasins, or prefabricated units must be provided.
 
*Curb extension bioretention is not a common practice for collectors, but they can be used in some cases to reduce pedestrian crossing distances at intersections
 
*Curb extension bioretention is not a common practice for collectors, but they can be used in some cases to reduce pedestrian crossing distances at intersections
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==Local industrial road==
 
==Local industrial road==
 
[[File:Local_Industrial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the local industrial road]]
 
[[File:Local_Industrial_Road_Cross_Section.png|thumb|LID options for the local industrial road]]
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Local industrial roads provide access to industry and other employment zones. Providing access and easy movement for large vehicles are a primary design characteristic of these types of streets. They have two to three lanes and are not intended for through traffic.
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Local industrial roads provide access to industry and other employment zones. Providing access and easy movement for large vehicles are a primary design characteristic of these types of streets. They have two-to-three lanes and are not intended for through traffic.
 
{{textbox|1=Characteristics include:
 
{{textbox|1=Characteristics include:
 
*Traffic volumes may be low, but the road must still be wide enough to accommodate large vehicle turning movements and have the structural strength to support heavy loads
 
*Traffic volumes may be low, but the road must still be wide enough to accommodate large vehicle turning movements and have the structural strength to support heavy loads
 
*To avoid interference with truck movements, landscaping should be low, and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
 
*To avoid interference with truck movements, landscaping should be low, and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
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*Boulevards are often wide allowing for swale or other landscape treatment options}}
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*Boulevards are often wide, allowing for swale or other landscape treatment options}}
    +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options local industrial road  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! RoW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]] (sidewalk)
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
 +
|}
    
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
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*High profile industry is often located along industrial collectors and a high quality corporate landscape treatment is expected
 
*High profile industry is often located along industrial collectors and a high quality corporate landscape treatment is expected
 
*To avoid interference with truck movements landscaping near roads should be low and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
 
*To avoid interference with truck movements landscaping near roads should be low and trees should be high branching or setback from the roadway
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 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options industrial collector road  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! RoW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]]
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || * ||** || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || * ||* || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || o || o || * ||* || * ||** || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || o || o || * ||* || * ||** || * || **
 +
|}
    
===Typical LID opportunities===
 
===Typical LID opportunities===
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*Boulevards are often wide, but must accommodate street trees, splash pads and sidewalks on both sides
 
*Boulevards are often wide, but must accommodate street trees, splash pads and sidewalks on both sides
 
*May include narrow medians, but runoff is typically directed away from them to road sides
 
*May include narrow medians, but runoff is typically directed away from them to road sides
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for the minor arterial road  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! ROW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]]
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || ** ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
 +
|}
    
===Typical LID opportunities===
 
===Typical LID opportunities===
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*Dedicated parking lanes or parking lay-bys can be converted to permeable pavers. The permeable parking lane can be designed to accept only the rainfall that falls on it or it can take runoff from up to two additional lanes.
 
*Dedicated parking lanes or parking lay-bys can be converted to permeable pavers. The permeable parking lane can be designed to accept only the rainfall that falls on it or it can take runoff from up to two additional lanes.
 
'''Within the boulevard:'''
 
'''Within the boulevard:'''
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*Attractive [[stormwater planters]] and [[permeable paving]] sidewalks are appropriate for high density areas and where business districts expect an enhanced or signature streetscape.
+
*Attractive [[stormwater planters]] and [[permeable pavements|permeable pavement]] sidewalks are appropriate for high density areas and where business districts expect an enhanced or signature streetscape.
 
*Street [[trees]] can be supported with LID options by providing root volume space in [[bioretention]] practices or with sidewalk support systems. Permeable sidewalks allow air and moisture to reach tree roots, which in turn reduces sidewalk buckling from roots pushing through the surface.
 
*Street [[trees]] can be supported with LID options by providing root volume space in [[bioretention]] practices or with sidewalk support systems. Permeable sidewalks allow air and moisture to reach tree roots, which in turn reduces sidewalk buckling from roots pushing through the surface.
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*Wide boulevards and large landscaped medians are common
 
*Wide boulevards and large landscaped medians are common
 
*Due to higher travel speeds, maintaining clear zones and sight distances is critical
 
*Due to higher travel speeds, maintaining clear zones and sight distances is critical
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for the major arterial road  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! ROW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]]
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Resurfacing|| o || o ||* ||*||** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural Reconstruction || o|| o||*||*|| ** || * || * || *
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Rural to Urban Reconstruction || o ||o||* ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing || o || o || * ||* || o ||* || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reduction || ** || o || * ||* || o ||** || * || **
 +
|}
    
===Typical LID opportunities===
 
===Typical LID opportunities===
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*Street parking is typical, may have frequent turn over and is necessary for local business.
 
*Street parking is typical, may have frequent turn over and is necessary for local business.
 
*ROW dimensions will vary greatly depending on the age of the community.
 
*ROW dimensions will vary greatly depending on the age of the community.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
 +
|+ LID options for main streets  <br>
 +
(** = Common, * = Possible, o = Unusual)
 +
! ROW Construction Type
 +
! [[Stormwater planters]]
 +
! [[Curb extensions]]
 +
! Boulevard [[Bioretention|bioretention]]
 +
! [[Bioswales|Bioswales]]
 +
! [[Enhanced swales]]
 +
! [[Exfiltration trenches]]
 +
! [[Permeable pavements]]
 +
! Prefabricated modules
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Resurfacing|| o || o ||o ||o||o || o || * || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" |Urban Reconstruction || **|| **||o||o|| o || ** || ** || **
 +
|-
 +
|style="text-align: left;" | Urban Reduction|| ** ||**||o ||o || o ||** || ** || **
 +
|}
    
===Typical LID opportunities===
 
===Typical LID opportunities===
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==Other design considerations==
 
==Other design considerations==
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The previous sections presented the most common options based on road and construction types. The project team must use the information gathered through the [[Site conditions road right of ways|background review and field reconnaissance]], feedback gained from the public engagement, as well as from the LID practice Suitability & Considerations Comparison Table [[Link]] to determine the feasible and optimal LID options for the site. Below is a list of factors to be considered when choosing the type of practice and how it will be incorporated into the site:
+
The previous sections presented the most common options based on road and construction types. The project team must use the information gathered through the [[Site conditions road right of ways|background review and field reconnaissance]], feedback gained from the public engagement, as well as from the LID practice Suitability & Considerations Comparison Table to determine the feasible and optimal LID options for the site. Below is a list of factors to be considered when choosing the type of practice and how it will be incorporated into the site:
    
'''Relevant stormwater criteria –''' compliance with high level municipal and agency documents (i.e. Subwatershed study, master drainage plan).
 
'''Relevant stormwater criteria –''' compliance with high level municipal and agency documents (i.e. Subwatershed study, master drainage plan).
Sahlla Abbasi
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