Difference between revisions of "Trees"

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Revision as of 21:23, 26 February 2019

Soil cellsSoil cellsBioretention: Filter mediaChoking layerReservoir gravelReservoir gravelReservoir gravelForebaysForebaysForebaysForebaysSlotted drainDepressed drainTreesTreesPerennials: ListPerennials: ListPerennials: ListOverflowOverflowUnderdrain
This is an image map of an extended tree pit, clicking on components will load the appropriate article.

Overview

Trees can be incorporated into bioretention cells with other plant types, or otherwise into their own planting pits.


Planning considerations

A commonly held view is that a tree's root system will be similar to it's visible crown. For many trees, this is not the case, as roots will more often spread much more widely, but to a shallower depth [1]. For more detailed information on planning (site) considerations see Bioretention

Planting in slopes

Smooth slopes should be amended into localised terraces by the landscape Architect when planting large trees into slopes > 5 %. [2]

Design

Species selection

Trees: List

Planting pit Sizing

Bioretention: Sizing

Inlets

Multiple methods for distribution and conveyance of runoffThat potion of the water precipitated onto a catchment area, which flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface. into the system are recommended for redundancy and conservative designs. Combinations may be made of:

  • tree well flow,
  • catch basinsGround depression acting as a flow control and water treatment structure, that is normally dry. and distribution pipes, and
  • direct infiltration from permeable pavingAn alternative practice to traditional impervious pavement, prevents the generation of runoff by allowing precipitation falling on the surface to infiltrate through the surface course into an underlying stone reservoir and, where suitable conditions exist, into the native soil..

See also Inlets and pretreatment

UnderdrainA perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.

Underdrain

Performance

InterceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies.

Tree canopies intercept and store rainfall, thereby modifying stormwater runoffThat potion of the water precipitated onto a catchment area, which flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface. and reducing demands on urban stormwater infrastructure (Xiao et al., 1998; Xiao et al., 2000; Xiao and McPherson, 2002; Xiao et al., 2006). Canopy interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. reduces both the actual runoffThat potion of the water precipitated onto a catchment area, which flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface. volumes, and delays the onset of peak flows (Davey Resource Group, 2008).

The extent of interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. is influenced by a number of factors including tree architecture and it has been estimated that a typical medium-sized canopy tree can intercept as much as 9000 litres of rainfall year. (Crockford and Richardson, 2000).

A study of rainfall interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. by street and park trees in Santa Monica, California found that interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. rates varied by tree species and size, with broadleaf evergreen trees provided the most rainfall interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. (Xiao and McPherson, 2002). Rainfall interceptionThe interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies. was found to range from 15.3% for a small jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) to 66.5% for a mature brush box (Tristania conferta now known as Lophostemon confertus). Over the city as a whole the trees intercepted 1.6% of annual precipitationAny form of rain or snow. and the researchers calculated that the annual value of avoided stormwater treatment and flood control costs associated with this reduced runoffThat potion of the water precipitated onto a catchment area, which flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface. was US$110,890 (US$3.60 per tree).

Transpiration

Trees suck! (Abstracted from Phyto, by K. Kennen)

Galleries

Open tree pits

  • Rainwater harvesting cisternTank used to store rainwater (typically roof runoff) for later use., which discharges to tree pits during dry conditions. Image credit Mississippi WMO

  • Extended tree pit planting in USA
    Photo credit: USEPA

  • A right of way bioswaleLinear bioretention cell designed to convey, treat and attenuate stormwater runoff. The engineered filter media soil mixture and vegetation slows the runoff water to allow sedimentation, filtration through the root zone, evapotranspiration, and infiltration into the underlying native soil. installed by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection on Dean Street, Brooklyn

Soil cells

  • Soil cells under construction.

  • Soil cell installation on Central Parkway in Mississauga.

  • Built in 2014, this stormwater planterA vegetated practice that collects and treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration. Contributions to water cycle/water balance are through evapotranspiration only; no infiltration. on Central Parkway in Mississauga uses supported soil cells and is functioning well.

External links

In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites.
Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
Lists are ordered alphabetically; link updates are welcomed using the form below.

  1. ↑ Crow, P. (2005). The Influence of Soils and Species on Tree Root Depth. Edinburgh. Retrieved from https://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCIN078.pdf/$FILE/FCIN078.pdf
  2. ↑ Wilkus A., 'Slope Style', Landscape Architecture Magazine, April 2018, accessed 21 December 2018, https://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2018/04/24/slope-style/
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