Difference between revisions of "Stormwater planters"

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[[File:Stormwater planter pu.png|thumb|An above ground planter with downspout and overflow illustrated.]]
 
 
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Image:Stormwater planter.png|thumb|700 px|This is an image map of a stormwater planter, clicking on components will load the appropriate article.
 
Image:Stormwater planter.png|thumb|700 px|This is an image map of a stormwater planter, clicking on components will load the appropriate article.
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rect 480 400 534 517 [[Forebays]]
 
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rect 152 1166 340 1189 [[mulch]]
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rect 65 1164 538 1190 [[mulch]]
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rect 195 1151 528 1235 [[Bioretention:_Filter_media|Filter media]]
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rect 341 1104 363 1303 [[Overflow]]
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rect 195 1235 528 1250 [[Choking layer]]
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rect 152 1191 339 1301 [[Biomedia]]
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rect 195 1250 528 1305 [[Reservoir_gravel|Reservoir]]
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rect 366 1194 541 1302 [[Biomedia]]
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poly 162 1305 533 1307 352 1343 [[Underdrains]]
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rect 229 1162 151 1079 [[Grasses]]
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rect 227 1019 340 1164 [[Perennials]]
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rect 369 972 483 1162 [[Shrubs]]
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poly 139 1158 149 1155 151 1303 352 1343 542 1305 541 1165 550 1161 553 1311 354 1355 139 1311 [[Liner]]
 
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[[File:Stormwater planter pu.png|thumb|An above ground planter with downspout and overflow illustrated.]]
 
Over subsurface infrastructure, soils prone to subsidence, or pollution hotspots, it may be necessary to prevent all [[infiltration]]. These BMPs can also be squeezed into tight urban spaces, adjacent to buildings and within the usual setbacks required for infiltrating facilities. Stormwater planters can also be used as a means of providing building-integrated LID by capturing a portion of the rainwater from the rooftop.  
 
Over subsurface infrastructure, soils prone to subsidence, or pollution hotspots, it may be necessary to prevent all [[infiltration]]. These BMPs can also be squeezed into tight urban spaces, adjacent to buildings and within the usual setbacks required for infiltrating facilities. Stormwater planters can also be used as a means of providing building-integrated LID by capturing a portion of the rainwater from the rooftop.  
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This type of cell can be constructed above grade in any waterproof and structurally sound container, e.g. in cast concrete or a metal tank.
 +
{{TOClimit|2}}
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
 
{{textbox|Stormwater planters are an ideal technology for:  
 
{{textbox|Stormwater planters are an ideal technology for:  
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'''The design may benefit from:'''
 
'''The design may benefit from:'''
 
*A [[level spreaders| level spreader]]  
 
*A [[level spreaders| level spreader]]  
 +
  
 
==Planning Considerations==
 
==Planning Considerations==
 +
Stormwater Planters are a type of bioretention practice. Please defer to planning considerations in [[Bioretention]]
  
 
==Design==
 
==Design==
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[[Underdrain#Underdrains for non-exfiltrating practices]]
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{{:Planters: Sizing}}
 +
 
 +
===Storage media===
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[[filter media]]
 +
 
 +
===Underdrain===
 +
Stormwater planters differ from full and/or partial infiltration [[bioretention]] practices in that the storage function is provided only by the [[water retention capacity]] of the [[filter media]]. As such, there is no storage reservoir and the only purpose to the aggregate layer is to drain water to the perforated [[pipe]]. For this, a medium aggregate as described in [[choker layer]] is recommended as it negates the need for a separating layer to the filter media. Design details can be found here  [[Underdrains#Underdrains for non-exfiltrating practices|Underdrains]] for non-exfiltrationg practices.
 +
 
 +
===Planting===
 +
*Planters must be designed in a way that insulates the soil through freezing temperatures, or plant species that can survive the winter season in raised planters must be used.
 +
*Stormwater planters routinely capture only rainwater flowing from adjacent rooftops. This means that [[salt]] may be less of a concern than in [[Bioretention: Parking lots]] or [[Bioretention: Streetscapes]].
 +
*The [[plant lists]] are still a good place to start when selecting species for LID in Ontario.
 +
*A more formal aesthetic for the planting design is appropriate for the urban hardscape setting.
 +
 
 +
===Liners===
 +
{{:Liner}}
 +
 
 +
==Surface==
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As stormwater planters are often quite small and receive very rapid flow, both a [[level spreader]] and the use of [[stone]] mulch are strongly recommended.
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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==Performance==
 
==Performance==
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This performance related section is due to be updated throughout 2018 as STEP perform a literature review of all common LID performance metrics.  
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{{:lit review}}
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Water quality <ref>Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907.;doi:10.3390/w9110907</ref>
+
===Hydrology===
 +
 
 +
<ref>Davis, Allen P., Robert G. Traver, William F. Hunt, Ryan Lee, Robert A. Brown, and Jennifer M. Olszewski. “Hydrologic Performance of Bioretention Storm-Water Control Measures.” Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 17, no. 5 (May 2012): 604–14. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000467.</ref>
 +
<ref>Yeakley, J.A., and K.K. Norton. “Performance Assessment of Three Types of Rainwater Detention Structures for an Urban Development in Wilsonville, Oregon, USA,” 70. Portland, 2009.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Water quality===
 +
<ref>Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907.;doi:10.3390/w9110907</ref>
 
<ref>Lucke, T., & Nichols, P. W. B. (2015). The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation. Science of The Total Environment, 536, 784–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.07.142</ref>
 
<ref>Lucke, T., & Nichols, P. W. B. (2015). The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation. Science of The Total Environment, 536, 784–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.07.142</ref>
 
<ref>Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907. doi:10.3390/w9110907</ref>
 
<ref>Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907. doi:10.3390/w9110907</ref>
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
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*[[Bioretention cells]]
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*[[Bioretention: Parking lots]]
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*[[Extended tree pits]]
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*[[Bioretention: Streetscapes]]
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*[[Curb extensions]]
 
 
----
 
----
 
*[[Shrubs: List|Shrubs]]
 
*[[Shrubs: List|Shrubs]]
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*[[Overflow]]
 
*[[Overflow]]
 
*[[Mulch]]
 
*[[Mulch]]
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*[[Bioretention:_Filter_media|Filter media]]
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*[[Filter media]]
 
*[[Choking layer]]
 
*[[Choking layer]]
 
*[[Reservoir_gravel|Reservoir]]
 
*[[Reservoir_gravel|Reservoir]]

Revision as of 20:42, 11 December 2018

ShrubsShrubsPerennialsPerennialsGrassesGrassesForebaysOverflowMulchMulchOverflowBiomediaBiomediaUnderdrainsGrassesPerennialsShrubsLiner
This is an image map of a stormwater planter, clicking on components will load the appropriate article.
An above ground planter with downspout and overflow illustrated.

Over subsurface infrastructure, soils prone to subsidence, or pollution hotspots, it may be necessary to prevent all infiltration. These BMPs can also be squeezed into tight urban spaces, adjacent to buildings and within the usual setbacks required for infiltrating facilities. Stormwater planters can also be used as a means of providing building-integrated LID by capturing a portion of the rainwater from the rooftop. This type of cell can be constructed above grade in any waterproof and structurally sound container, e.g. in cast concrete or a metal tank.

Overview[edit]

Stormwater planters are an ideal technology for:

  • Sites which cannot infiltrate water owing to contaminated soils or shallow bedrock,
  • Zero-lot-line developments such as condos or dense urban infill.

The fundamental components of a stormwater planter are:

The design may benefit from:


Planning Considerations[edit]

Stormwater Planters are a type of bioretention practice. Please defer to planning considerations in Bioretention

Design[edit]

A flow-through planter comprises a ponding zone, mulch layer, filter media for planting, and a supporting gravel drainage layer

This article is specific to flow-through stormwater planters, vegetated systems that do not infiltrate water to the native soil.
If you are designing a planted system which does infiltrate water, see advice on Bioretention: Sizing.

The dimensions of a stormwater planter are largely predetermined according to the function of the component. As they do not contain a storage reservoir the planters rely more upon careful selection of materials. Both the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the filter media and the number and size of perforations of the underdrain pipe play critical roles for flow control. Options for maintaining separation between filter media and clear stone aggregate surrounding the perforated pipe include a 100 mm deep choker layer or sheet of geotextile filter fabric.

Component Recommended depth (with underdrain pipe) Typical porosity (n)
Ponding (dp) 150 to 450 mm 1
Mulch 75 ± 25 mm
  • 0.7 for wood based
  • 0.4 for stone
Filter media (dm)
  • 300 mm to support turf grass (and accept only rainwater/roof runoff)
  • 600 mm to support shrubs, flowering perennials and decorative grasses
  • 1000 mm to support trees
  • 0.4 for sandier Blend A - Drainage rate priority;
  • 0.35 for more loamy Blend B - Water quality treatment priority
Choker layer 100 mm 0.4
Perforated pipe diameter 150 to 200 mm 0.4
Clear stone aggregate layer below perforated pipe 50 mm (although commonly omitted altogether). 0.4

Storage media[edit]

filter media

Underdrain[edit]

Stormwater planters differ from full and/or partial infiltration bioretention practices in that the storage function is provided only by the water retention capacity of the filter media. As such, there is no storage reservoir and the only purpose to the aggregate layer is to drain water to the perforated pipe. For this, a medium aggregate as described in choker layer is recommended as it negates the need for a separating layer to the filter media. Design details can be found here Underdrains for non-exfiltrationg practices.

Planting[edit]

  • Planters must be designed in a way that insulates the soil through freezing temperatures, or plant species that can survive the winter season in raised planters must be used.
  • Stormwater planters routinely capture only rainwater flowing from adjacent rooftops. This means that salt may be less of a concern than in Bioretention: Parking lots or Bioretention: Streetscapes.
  • The plant lists are still a good place to start when selecting species for LID in Ontario.
  • A more formal aesthetic for the planting design is appropriate for the urban hardscape setting.

Liners[edit]

An impermeable liner is incorporated into non-infiltrating practices such as stormwater planters, and may be applied in permeable pavements installations where separation from the native soils and groundwater is required.

  • Waterproof containment can be created using concrete or a plastic membrane/liner (HDPE or EPDM are common materials).
    • When the membrane is being used directly in the ground, punctures from stones can be prevented by compacting a layer sand (30 - 50 mm) over the soil prior to installing the membrane.
    • Alternatively, a manufactured cushion fabric (geotextile) can be employed for this purpose.
    • The top surface of the membrane must also be protected from stone and gravel being used for inside the BMP. Again, sand or a cushion fabric may be used.
  • When a pipe is used to provide drainage from the practice to an outlet structure or storm sewer, a 'pipe boot' or flange should be sealed to both the pipe and the liner to prevent leaks.

Surface[edit]

As stormwater planters are often quite small and receive very rapid flow, both a level spreader and the use of stone mulch are strongly recommended.

Gallery[edit]

  • Stormwater planters are ideal for situating alongside buildings to capture rainwater from roof runoff. LSRCA headquarters, 2017.

  • Stormwater planter, treating downspout runoff, at Waterview Rec Center, Philidelphia
    Photo credit: PWD

  • Rain garden, Illick Hall, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY
    Photo credit: DASonnenfeld

Performance[edit]

Starting after TRIECA (end March) members of STEP will be undertaking a literature review on the performance of our most popular BMPs. The results will be combined with the information we have to date from the development of the Treatment Train Tool and agreed performance metrics established. Until then, please feel free to continue to ask questions via email or the feedback box below.

Hydrology[edit]

[1] [2]

Water quality[edit]

[3] [4] [5]

See Also[edit]

Proprietary links[edit]

A number of precast modules exist to contain treatment media. As many of these systems are enclosed water balance calculations may be erroneous where evapotranspiration is constrained. In our effort to make this guide as functional as possible, we have decided to include proprietary systems and links to manufacturers websites.
Inclusion of such links does not constitute endorsement by the Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
Lists are ordered alphabetically; link updates are welcomed using the form below.

  1. ↑ Davis, Allen P., Robert G. Traver, William F. Hunt, Ryan Lee, Robert A. Brown, and Jennifer M. Olszewski. “Hydrologic Performance of Bioretention Storm-Water Control Measures.” Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 17, no. 5 (May 2012): 604–14. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000467.
  2. ↑ Yeakley, J.A., and K.K. Norton. “Performance Assessment of Three Types of Rainwater Detention Structures for an Urban Development in Wilsonville, Oregon, USA,” 70. Portland, 2009.
  3. ↑ Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907.;doi:10.3390/w9110907
  4. ↑ Lucke, T., & Nichols, P. W. B. (2015). The pollution removal and stormwater reduction performance of street-side bioretention basins after ten years in operation. Science of The Total Environment, 536, 784–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.07.142
  5. ↑ Macnamara, J.; Derry, C. Pollution Removal Performance of Laboratory Simulations of Sydney’s Street Stormwater Biofilters. Water 2017, 9, 907. doi:10.3390/w9110907

A vegetated practice that collects and treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration. Contributions to water cycle/water balance are through evapotranspiration only; no infiltration.

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

A broad category of particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates, and available in various particulate size gradations.

A shallow excavated surface depression containing prepared filter media, mulch, and planted with selected vegetation.

a top dressing over vegetation beds that provides suppresses weeds and helps retain soil moisture in bioretention cells, stormwater planters and dry swales.

The engineered soil component of bioretention cell or dry swale designs, typically with a high rate of infiltration and designed to retain contaminants through filtration and adsorption to particles.

The natural ground material characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin.

An underlying bed filled with aggregate or other void-forming fill material that temporarily stores stormwater before infiltrating into the native soil or being conveyed by an underdrain pipe.

A parameter that describes the capability of a medium to transmit water.

Filter fabric that is installed to separate dissimilar soils and provide runoff filtration and contaminant removal benefits while maintaining a suitable rate of flow; may be used to prevent fine-textured soil from entering a coarse granular bed, or to prevent coarse granular from being compressed into underlying finer-textured soils.

A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.

The porosity (n) of a mixture is the ratio of the volume of void-space to the total or bulk volume of the mixture. It is closely related to the concept of void ratio (e) where void ratio is the ratio of the volume of void-space to the volume of solids. n = Volume of voids/Total volume of mixture = e/(1+e)

The portion of water precipitated onto a catchment area, which then flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.

Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.

A perforated pipe used to assist the draining of soils.

Mineral particles which are smaller than 2 mm, and which are free of appreciable quantities of clay and silt. Coarse sand usually designates sand grains with particle size between 0.2 and 0.02 mm.

Best management practice. State of the art methods or techniques used to manage the quantity and improve the quality of wet weather flow. BMPs include: source, conveyance and end-of-pipe controls.

Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority

A vegetated practice that collects and treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration. Contributions to water cycle/water balance are through evapotranspiration only; no infiltration.

A lot level bioretention cell designed to receive and detain, infiltrate and filter runoff, typically used for discharge from downspouts.

Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program

The accounting of inflow and outflow of water in a system according to the components of the hydrologic cycle.

A shallow excavated surface depression containing prepared filter media, mulch, and planted with selected vegetation.

The temporary storage of stormwater to control discharge rates, and allow for sedimentation.

A bioretention BMP featuring an impermeable liner and underdrain that prevents infiltration of runoff into the underlying native soil; provides sedimentation and filtration of urban runoff as it passes through the mulch layer, engineered filter media and vegetation root zone.

A bioretention cell that features an impermeable liner that collects and treats stormwater through sedimentation and filtration only (i.e., no infiltration).

Ground depression acting as a flow control and water treatment structure, that is normally dry.

Refers to the conditions in which an organism lives and survives or the conditions in which an organism resides. These conditions can be described as aspects of a “physical”, “social” or an “economic” environment, depending on the perspective perceived by the observer.

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