Changes

===Reducing groundwater mounding with underdrains===

===Reducing groundwater mounding with underdrains===

[[File:Drain spacing.jpg|thumb|The yellow box represents the recommended hydraulic conductivity of bioretention filter media]]

[[File:Drain spacing.jpg|thumb|The yellow box represents the recommended hydraulic conductivity of bioretention filter media]]

Mounding of groundwater can be mitigated by correctly sizing and spacing of the pipes within the underdrain structure. In most large infiltrating LID systems (e.g. [[Bioretention]] or [[detention basins]], lateral drains should be spaced between 5 - 6 m apart. But when groundwater mounding must be minimized, this distance will be reduced and should be recalculated.  

Mounding of groundwater can be mitigated by correctly sizing and spacing of the pipes within the underdrain structure. In most large infiltrating LID systems (e.g. [[Bioretention]], [[permeable paving]] or [[dry ponds]], lateral drains should be spaced between 5 - 6 m apart. But when groundwater mounding must be minimized, this distance will be reduced and should be recalculated.  

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This recommendation is supported by an analysis of Hooghoudt's equation <ref>H.P.Ritzema, 1994, Subsurface flow to drains. Chapter 8 in: H.P.Ritzema (ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, Publ. 16, pp. 236-304, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-70754-33-9</ref><ref>W.H. van der Molen en J.Wesseling, 1991. A solution in closed form and a series solution to replace the tables for the thickness of the equivalent layer in Hooghoudt's drain spacing equation. Agricultural Water Management 19, pp.1-16</ref><ref>van Beers, W.F.J. 1976, COMPUTING DRAIN SPACINGS: A generalized method with special reference to sensitivity analysis

This recommendation is supported by an analysis of Hooghoudt's equation <ref>H.P.Ritzema, 1994, Subsurface flow to drains. Chapter 8 in: H.P.Ritzema (ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, Publ. 16, pp. 236-304, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-70754-33-9</ref><ref>W.H. van der Molen en J.Wesseling, 1991. A solution in closed form and a series solution to replace the tables for the thickness of the equivalent layer in Hooghoudt's drain spacing equation. Agricultural Water Management 19, pp.1-16</ref><ref>van Beers, W.F.J. 1976, COMPUTING DRAIN SPACINGS: A generalized method with special reference to sensitivity analysis